https://gprjournals.org/journals/index.php/ajlps/issue/feed 2025-09-18T08:33:52+00:00 Chief editor journals@gprjournals.org Open Journal Systems <p><strong>American Journal of Law and Political Science</strong> (AJLPS) is a high quality, open access, and peer-reviewed online journal published continuously by GPR Journals to disseminate knowledge relating to law and political science around the globe. The scope of AJLPS include, but not limited to, Administrative Law, Peace &amp; Conflict Studies, Civil Law, Commercial Law, Comparative Politics, Equity &amp; Trusts, Foreign Policy Analysis, Global Governance, Human Rights, International Law, Political Cultures, Political Theory, Property Law, etc. Authors seeking to share their research work with a guaranteed targeted and multidisciplinary audience are encouraged to publish with AJLPS. Manuscripts submitted to this journal are published online and can be printed as hard copies upon author’s request. Papers can be submitted via email to <a href="mailto:journals@gprjournals.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">journals@gprjournals.org</a> or <a href="https://gprjournals.org/online-submission/">online submission</a>.</p> https://gprjournals.org/journals/index.php/ajlps/article/view/409 2025-09-18T08:33:52+00:00 Amos Kariuki Ngaruiya journals@gprjournals.org Atianyi Edwin Gimode journals@gprjournals.org Isaiah Oduor Otieno journals@gprjournals.org

<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Since independence in 1963, Kenya’s nation-building has been undermined by regime-based ethnic exclusion. Successive governments have favored certain ethnic groups, fostering inequality, political instability, and social fragmentation. The general objective of this study was to examine the challenge of regime-based ethnic exclusion to nation-building in Kenya during the Daniel Moi presidency, from 1978 to 2002.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was anchored in Ethnic Identity Theory and Political Patronage Theory. A historical research design was adopted to comprehensively investigate the impact of regime-driven ethnic exclusion on nation-building in Kenya during the period 1978–2003. Data collection was conducted through interview schedules featuring open-ended questions, allowing respondents the flexibility to provide detailed and context-specific insights. The study employed a combination of simple random sampling and stratified sampling techniques to ensure representativeness across Kenya’s diverse population, considering ethnicity, region, and professional background. Data obtained were analyzed qualitatively through systematic content review and analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings of the study observed that the Daniel Moi Presidency between 1978 and 2003 was marked by heightened levels of ethnic exclusivism and patronage politics that favored certain communities while neglecting others. This entrenched system of ethnic favoritism led to significant dissatisfaction among various ethnic groups, prompting increasing demands for political inclusivity and justice.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The regime's authoritarian methods, coupled with the concentration of state resources and authority among a limited group, weakened national unity and democratic principles.</p> <p><strong>Recommendation: </strong>To prevent ethnic exclusivism and strengthen national unity, this study recommends promoting inclusivity and merit-based governance through fair appointments, independent oversight, constitutional safeguards, and policies that promote inter-ethnic trust and accountability.</p>

2025-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Amos Kariuki Ngaruiya, Gimode Atianyi Edwin, Otieno Isaiah Oduor https://gprjournals.org/journals/index.php/ajlps/article/view/403 2025-08-29T07:50:04+00:00 Hanan Talib Ashour journals@gprjournals.org Ali Hussein Qasim journals@gprjournals.org

<p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;">The legal characterization of reciprocal sale presents a fundamental challenge within both domestic and international legal frameworks. Under Article 338 of the Iranian Civil Code, sale is traditionally defined as the transfer of ownership of an object for a specified consideration rooted in ownership, exchange, and tangibility. Yet, an important question arises: can reciprocal sale be subsumed under this definition? By contrast, Iraqi law defines sale in Article 506 as the exchange of property for money and further broadens its scope in Article 507 to encompass deferred sales. These divergent legal formulations generate conceptual tension when applied to reciprocal sale, a practice positioned at the crossroads of national legislation and international commercial transactions.</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;" data-start="914" data-end="1523">Methodologically, this study adopts a doctrinal and comparative approach, examining Iranian and Iraqi legal provisions alongside international instruments, with particular emphasis on the definition advanced by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The analysis demonstrates that reciprocal sale only partially corresponds with classical definitions of sale, as it bears closer resemblance to countertrade. In such arrangements, contractual obligations extend beyond simple bilateral exchanges to include commitments to purchase goods or services of equivalent or near-equivalent value.</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;" data-start="1525" data-end="1888">The findings suggest that both Iranian and Iraqi legal systems require interpretative development or legislative reform to effectively accommodate the complexities of reciprocal sale. Such reform would enhance coherence between domestic legal regimes and international trade practices, thereby facilitating smoother commercial interactions across jurisdictions.</p>

2025-08-29T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Hussein Qasim, Hanan Talib Ashour