Climate Change Adaptation Policies in East African Countries: A Review of Institutional Responses and Implementation Gaps

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to examine the implementation of climate change adaptation policies in East African countries, with a focus on institutional responses and implementation gaps.

Methods: The study employed a qualitative research design using a systematic literature review of academic articles, policy documents, and institutional reports published between 2010 and 2025. Sources were selected based on relevance to climate change adaptation in East Africa. The study was limited by its reliance on secondary English-language sources, which may omit recent or informal developments.

Results: The study highlights significant progress in climate adaptation across East African countries, particularly through decentralized governance and community-based initiatives such as Kenya’s County Climate Change Funds and Rwanda’s Green Gicumbi Project. National strategies like Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) also demonstrate strong commitments to resilience. However, institutional barriers—such as centralized decision-making, poor inter-agency coordination, limited climate data infrastructure, and insufficient funding—continue to hinder implementation. Strengthening local engagement, technical capacity, and regional collaboration through bodies like EAC and IGAD is essential for scaling adaptation and attracting global climate finance.

Conclusion: The region has made notable progress through national adaptation plans, regional collaborations, and community-driven initiatives. However, there remain significant gaps in financial resources, technical capacity, and institutional coordination.

Recommendations: East African governments should invest in building the capacity of local institutions through training, technical support, and policy coordination to effectively design and implement adaptation strategies. Adaptation policies should be localized and inclusive, focusing on empowering communities to manage climate risks directly.